Liga, leagues are generally subdivided on a regional basis. Below this are thirteen parallel divisions, most of which are called Oberligen upper leagues which represent federal states or large urban and geographical areas.
The levels below the Oberligen differ between the local areas. The league structure has changed frequently and typically reflects the degree of participation in the sport in various parts of the country.
In the early s, changes were driven by the reunification of Germany and the subsequent integration of the national league of East Germany.
Every team in the two Bundesligen must have a licence to play in the league, or else they are relegated into the regional leagues.
To obtain a licence, teams must be financially healthy and meet certain standards of conduct as organisations.
Bundesliga is financially strong, and the 2. Bundesliga has begun to evolve in a similar direction, becoming more stable organizationally and financially, and reflecting an increasingly higher standard of professional play.
Hamburger SV was the only club to have played continuously in the Bundesliga since its foundation until 12 May , when the club was relegated for the first time.
In the —09 season, the Bundesliga reinstated an earlier German system of promotion and relegation, which had been in use from until From until , a different system had been used in which the bottom three finishers of the Bundesliga had been automatically relegated, to be replaced by the top three finishers in the 2.
From until two, or later three, teams had been relegated from the Bundesliga automatically, while promotion had been decided either completely or partially in promotion play-offs.
The season starts in early August [4] and lasts until late May, with a winter break of six weeks mid-December through to the end of January.
In recent years, games have been played on Saturdays five games beginning at 3: A new television deal in reintroduced a Friday game beginning at 8: Prior to the formation of the Bundesliga, German football was played at an amateur level in a large number of sub-regional leagues until, in , part-time semi- professionalism was introduced and only five regional Oberligen Premier Leagues remained.
Regional champions and runners-up played a series of playoff matches for the right to compete in a final game for the national championship.
Through the s, there were continued calls for the formation of a central professional league, especially as professional leagues in other countries began to draw Germany's best players away from the semi-professional domestic leagues.
At the international level the German game began to falter as German teams often fared poorly against professional teams from other countries.
The league fielded 14 teams with two relegation spots. The defeat of the national team by Yugoslavia 0—1 in a World Cup quarter-final game in Chile was one impetus of many towards the formation of a national league.
East Germany, behind the Iron Curtain, maintained its separate league structure. The first Bundesliga games were played on 24 August FC Köln was the first Bundesliga champion with Dynamo Dresden and F.
Hansa Rostock were seeded into the top-tier Bundesliga division, with other clubs being sorted into lower tiers. The German football champion is decided strictly by play in the Bundesliga.
Each club plays every other club once at home and once away. Originally, a victory was worth two points, with one point for a draw and none for a loss.
Since the —96 season, a victory has been worth three points, while a draw remains worth a single point, and zero points are given for a loss.
The club with the most points at the end of the season becomes German champion. Currently, the top three clubs in the table qualify automatically for the group phase of the UEFA Champions League , while the fourth-place team enters the Champions League at the third qualifying round see overview.
The two teams at the bottom of the table are relegated into the 2. Bundesliga, while the top two teams in the 2.
The 16th-placed team third-last , and the third-placed team in the 2. Bundesliga play a two-leg play-off match.
The winner of this match plays the next season in the Bundesliga, and the loser in the 2. If two clubs are still tied after all of these tie-breakers have been applied, a single match is held at a neutral site to determine the placement.
However, this has never been necessary in the history of the Bundesliga. In terms of team selection, matchday squads must have no more than five non-EU representatives.
Seven substitutes are permitted to be selected, from which three can be used in the duration of the game. That year it was the only European football league where clubs collectively made a profit.
The Bundesliga has the lowest ticket prices and the highest average attendance out of Europe's five major leagues. By contrast, in the other major European leagues, numerous high-profile teams have come under ownership of foreign billionaires, and a significant number of clubs have high levels of debt.
In the cases of Bayer Leverkusen and Wolfsburg, the clubs were founded by major corporations respectively Bayer AG and Volkswagen as sports clubs for their employees, while Hoffenheim has long received its primary support from SAP co-founder Dietmar Hopp , who played in the club's youth system.
After the German Football Association and the Bundesliga mandated that all clubs run a youth academy , with the aim of bolstering the stream of local talent for the club and national team.
This allows more money to be spent on the players that are bought, and there is a greater chance to buy better instead of average players.
In the first decade of the third millennium s , the Bundesliga was regarded as competitive, as five teams have won the league title. At the end of each season, clubs in the Bundesliga must apply to the German Football Federation DFB for a licence to participate again the following year; only when the DFB, who have access to all transfer documents and accounts, are satisfied that there is no threat of insolvency do they give approval.
In addition, no individual is allowed to own more than 49 percent of any Bundesliga club, the only exceptions being VfL Wolfsburg , Bayer Leverkusen and current Regionalliga Nordost member FC Carl Zeiss Jena should they ever be promoted to the Bundesliga as they were each founded as factory teams.
Despite the good economic governance, there have still been some instances of clubs getting into difficulties. In subsequent years, the club went through extensive restructuring to return to financial health, largely with young home-grown players.
Based on its per-game average, the Bundesliga is the best-attended association football league in the world; out of all sports, its average of 45, fans per game during the —12 season was the second highest of any professional sports league worldwide, behind only the National Football League of the United States.
Out of Europe's five major football leagues Premier League , La Liga , Ligue 1 , and Serie A , the Bundesliga has the lowest ticket prices and the highest average attendance.
Many club stadia have large terraced areas for standing fans by comparison, stadia in the English Premier League are all-seaters due to the Taylor Report.
Match tickets often double as free rail passes which encourages supporters to travel and celebrate in a relaxed atmosphere.
Reus back in Germany squad The Dortmund captain returns to Germany's squad for matches against Russia and the Netherlands. Vote for your October Player of the Month!
Most shared Reus fires Dortmund past Wolfsburg. Bundesliga Goal of the Month - October. Alcacer wins October Goal of the Month!
Klassiker to be watched around the world This weekend's clash between Borussia Dortmund and Bayern Munich will be seen in over countries.
Bundesliga Wonderkids you should sign on FM19 The Bundesliga is back on Football Manager - find out which gems you should be signing up Sofern eine hierfür sportlich qualifizierte Mannschaft auf den Aufstieg verzichtet oder ihr aus wirtschaftlichen Gründen der Aufstieg verwehrt wird, rückt an ihrer Stelle die nächst platzierte Mannschaft in die höhere Spielklasse nach.
Sofern einer hierfür sportlich qualifizierten Mannschaft aus wirtschaftlichen Gründen die Zugehörigkeit zu einer Spielklasse für die kommende Saison verwehrt wird oder sie auf ihr Startrecht verzichtet, erhält üblicherweise der höchstplatzierte Absteiger das Startrecht für die kommende Saison.
Jede Mannschaft hat in einer Saison 17 Heim- und 17 Auswärtsspiele, jeweils einmal zu Hause und auswärts gegen jeden Gegner. Am Saisonende steigen die beiden letztplatzierten Mannschaften direkt ab und werden in der Folgesaison durch die beiden erstplatzierten Mannschaften der 2.
Zusätzlich ermitteln der Drittletzte der Bundesliga und der Drittplatzierte der 2. Bundesliga in zwei Relegationsspielen einen weiteren Teilnehmer für die nachfolgende Saison.
Die beiden Erstplatzierten steigen direkt in die Bundesliga auf. Der Drittplatzierte bestreitet Relegationsspiele mit dem Drittletzten der Bundesliga.
Der Verlierer der Relegationsspiele nimmt in der Folgesaison am Spielbetrieb der 2. Am Saisonende steigen die beiden letztplatzierten Mannschaften direkt ab und werden in der Folgesaison durch die beiden erstplatzierten Mannschaften der 3.
Zusätzlich ermitteln der Drittletzte der 2. Bundesliga und der Drittplatzierte der 3. Liga in zwei Relegationsspielen einen weiteren Teilnehmer für die nachfolgende Saison.
Auch für die 2. Bundesliga vergibt wiederum die DFL nach einem Lizenzierungsverfahren an die sportlich und wirtschaftlich qualifizierten Vereine die zur Teilnahme benötigte Profilizenz und organisiert den Spielbetrieb dieser bundesweiten Spielklasse.
Die beiden Erstplatzierten steigen direkt in die 2. Der Drittplatzierte bestreitet Relegationsspiele mit dem Drittletzten der 2. Der Verlierer der Relegationsspiele nimmt in der Folgesaison am Spielbetrieb der 3.
Die drei letztplatzierten Mannschaften steigen je nach ihrer Zugehörigkeit zu einem der 21 Landesverbände des DFB in diejenige Regionalliga ab, die dem Spielbetrieb des jeweiligen Landesverbandes übergeordnet ist.
Für die Organisation der 3. Liga ist der DFB zuständig. Als Teilnahmegenehmigung für die 3. Belegen daher zum Ende der Saison eine oder mehrere Zweitmannschaften die Aufstiegsplätze, so rückt hierfür eine entsprechende Anzahl an in der Tabelle nächstplatzierten ersten Mannschaften nach.
Faktisch herrschen bei fast allen teilnehmenden Mannschaften semi-professionelle Strukturen vor, was beispielsweise die zur Verfügung stehende Infrastruktur, den Umfang des vom Verein beschäftigten Betreuerpersonals oder die Bezahlung von Vertragsspielern angeht.
Der Spielbetrieb der Regionalliga wird im Gegensatz zu den drei Profiligen nicht einheitlich bundesweit organisiert, sondern erfolgt in den fünf nach regionalen Gesichtspunkten eingeteilten selbständigen Ligen Bayern , Nord , Nordost , Südwest und West mit einer Sollstärke zwischen 16 und 18 Mannschaften.
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